Umthengi wezingxenye zemishini ye-CNC othola ukwesekwa okuphansi kwe-tower crane kufanele acele iphakethe lobufakazi elixhumanisa umdwebo ogunyaziwe engxenyeni ngqo ethunyelwayo. Okungenani, leyo phakheji kufanele ihlonze ukubukezwa komdwebo, okokusebenza kanye nokulandeleka kwengxenye, ukuchezuka okugunyaziwe, amarekhodi okushisela nawokuhlola adingwa yinkontileka, imiphumela enobukhulu yokusebenzelana okusebenzayo, isimo semishini yokulinganisa, umlando wokulungisa nokuhlolwa kabusha, amasheke okuvikela phezulu, nokugunyazwa kokukhishwa kokugcina. Isitifiketi noma umbiko omakwe ngokuthi “PASS” kuphela akwanele uma ungabonisi ukuthi yini ehloliwe, ngokumelene nanoma iyiphi imfuneko, isuka kuyiphi i-datum, ngayiphi indlela, futhi iyiphi ingxenye ehleliwe noma elawulwa inkatho.
Kungani isitaki sedokhumenti singelona uchungechunge lobufakazi ngokuzenzakalelayo
Izisekelo ezinkulu ezakhiwe zidlula ekulungiseni impahla, ekubumbeni, ekufakeni, ekushiseleni, ekuhloleni okungenzeka kwaphakathi nendawo, ukukhanda imishini, ukuhlolwa kobukhulu, ukuqeda, nokupakisha. Isigaba ngasinye singakhiqiza amarekhodi, kodwa lawo marekhodi awusizo kuphela lapho ebhekisela encazelweni efanayo yomkhiqizo olawulwayo. Isitifiketi esibalulekile esingalandeleki kupuleti elisikiwe, umbiko wobukhulu obungabuyekezwanga bomdwebo, noma ishidi le-NDT elingenayo indawo yokushisela lishiya igebe.
Inhloso yomthengi akukona ukukhulisa amaphepha. Kuwukusungula iketango elilandelekayo elibonisa ukuthi ingxenye ethunyelwe yenziwe futhi yamukelwa ngokumelene nezidingo okuvunyelwene ngazo. Lolo chungechunge kufanele luchazwe ngaphambi kokukhiqiza, ngoba ubufakazi obungekho kunzima ukubuvuselela ngemva kokumbozwa nokuthunyelwa.
Uhlelo oluwusizo lwekhwalithi lunikeza imfuneko ngayinye kwirekhodi, isigaba esinomthwalo wemfanelo, kanye nephuzu lokwamukela. Iphinde ihlonze izindawo zokubamba noma zofakazi lapho umthengi, umphakeli, noma umhloli wenkampani yangaphandle kufanele enze okuthile ngaphambi kokuqhubeka komsebenzi.
Qala ngokuhlonza umkhiqizo kanye nokulawula ukudweba
Ubufakazi bokuhlola bunenani elincane ngaphandle uma buhlanganiswe nesisekelo esilungile sobuchwepheshe. Iphakheji yokukhipha kufanele ihlonze i-oda lokuthenga noma iphrojekthi, inombolo yengxenye, inombolo yomdwebo, ukubuyekezwa komdwebo, inani, kanye neyunithi noma indawo ehlanganisiwe. Uma imodeli ye-3D, imephu yokushisela, umdwebo wokuhlola, noma imininingwane eyengeziwe ilawula ingxenye yomsebenzi, ukubuyekezwa kwayo kufanele futhi kucace.
Ukuchezuka okugunyaziwe kudinga ukubonakala okuhlukile. Umphakeli angase ahlonze ukungahambisani, athole imvume yobunjiniyela, futhi alethe ingxenye eyamukelekayo ngokobuchwepheshe. Lokho kuhlukile ekuguquleni buthule isici noma ukurekhoda imfuneko yegama ngemva kweqiniso. Abathengi kufanele badinge inkomba echezukile noma yemvume, isici esithintekile, isimo, isimo sokugunyazwa, kanye nesixhumanisi seyunithi efanelekile noma indawo.
Ngaphambi kokugunyazwa kokuthunyelwa, hlola ukuthi:
- unhlokweni wombiko ufana ne-oda lokuthenga, inombolo yengxenye, nokubuyekezwa komdwebo;
- inani elihloliwe lifana nesampula okuvunyelwene ngalo noma imfuneko yamaphesenti ayi-100;
- ingxenye, i-serial, ukushisa, inqwaba, noma ezinye izihlonzi okuvunyelwene ngazo zixhuma amarekhodi kumkhiqizo;
- ukuchezuka okuvulekile noma okungahambisani nakho kuyabonakala kunokuba kufihlwe emicu ye-imeyili;
- imidwebo ethathelwe indawo nezifanekiso zokuhlola azifakiwe kuphakheji yokukhipha.
Cela ukulandeleka kwezinto ezisindayo ekwenziweni
Ubufakazi obuphathekayo ngokuvamile buqala ngesitifiketi esisebenzayo noma irekhodi lomphakeli elidingwa yincazelo yokuthenga. Umbuzo obalulekile ukuthi ubuwena budluliswa kanjani ngemuva kokusikwa kwepuleti noma okubalulekile kwesigaba sibe izingcezu ezincane. Inombolo yesitifiketi iyodwa ayifakazi ukuthi isitifiketi siyingxenye ebuyekezwayo.
Isistimu yomphakeli kufanele igcine ubuwena okuvunyelwene ngayo ngokusika, ukuhlanganisa, ukushisela, ukukhanda imishini, nokuhlola okokugcina. Izinga eliqondile lokulandeleka lincike kwinkontileka nobungozi; abathengi akufanele bacabange ukuthi sonke isakhiwo sezentengiselwano sidinga isimiso semibhalo efanayo. Kufanele, nokho, bachaze ibanga lezinto ezidingekayo, uhlobo lwesitifiketi lapho kufanele khona, indlela yokuhlonza, kanye nokulindelwe kokugcinwa kwerekhodi ngaphambi kokukhishwa kwe-oda.
Uma ukushintshwa kungenzeka, umzila wokwamukela kufanele ube sobala. Izinto zebanga elihlukile, ukujiya, noma isimo sokudiliva akufanele zithathwe njengezilingana ngoba nje zingashiselwa noma zenziwe ngomshini. Noma yikuphi ukushintshwa kufanele kulandele inqubo yokuchezuka egunyaziwe yomthengi.
Hlukanisa ubufakazi bekhwalithi yokushisela ebufakazini bobude
Ukuhlolwa kwe-welding kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-dimensional kuphendula imibuzo ehlukene. Amarekhodi e-Weld akhuluma ngokuthi amajoyinti akhiqizwa futhi ahlolwe ngokumelene nezidingo zokushisela okuvunyelwene ngazo. Amarekhodi anobukhulu akhuluma ngokuthi isakhiwo esiqediwe kanye nezindawo zaso zokusebenzelana ngomshini ziyahlangabezana yini nomdwebo. Umphumela omuhle endaweni ethile awunxeshezeli ukwehluleka kwenye.
Lapho kudingwa khona inkontileka, iphakheji yobufakazi bokushisela ingase ihlanganise izinkomba zezinqubo ezivunyiwe, izinkomba zokufaneleka kwe-welder noma umqhubi, izilawuli ezisebenzisekayo noma zezinto ezibonakalayo, amasheke okulinganisa noma angaphambi kwe-weld, amamephu e-weld, amarekhodi okuhlola okubukwayo, imibiko yokuhlola eshicileleyo engacekeli phansi, kanye namarekhodi okulungisa. Abathengi kufanele bacele kuphela amarekhodi ahambisana nencazelo ebusayo kanye nohlelo lwekhwalithi; ukukopisha zonke izitifiketi ohlelweni lomphakeli kungasitha izici ezibalulekile.
Ukuhlola okubukwayo kuvame ukuhlola izimo ezibonwayo kanye nomsebenzi, kodwa akuzishintshi ngokuzenzakalelayo ezinye izindlela ze-NDT. Indlela efanele, ububanzi, isikhathi, kanye nendlela yokwamukela incike ezintweni ezibonakalayo, ijometri ehlanganyelwe, ukujiya, inqubo yokushisela, izidingo zesevisi, nenkontileka. Umyalelo wokulala njengokuthi “yenza ngokugcwele i-NDT” awuphelele ngaphandle kwalapho kuchazwe indlela, ukumbozwa, izindawo zokushisela, isisekelo sokwamukela, kanye nokulindelwe okubika.
Yini okufanele umbiko we-NDT uvumele umthengi ukuthi aqinisekise?
Umbiko we-NDT kufanele uhlonze ingxenye nendawo yokushisela noma yokuhlola, indlela nenqubo, usuku, izinga lokuhlolwa, amathuluzi noma izinto ezisetshenziswayo lapho kudingeka, ukuhlonzwa kwabasebenzi kanye nereferensi yeziqu, indlela yokwamukela esebenzayo, imiphumela, isimo, nanoma iyiphi indawo elungisiwe edinga ukuhlolwa kabusha. Imidwebo yendawo, amamephu wokushisela, noma izithombe ezimakiwe zingasiza ukuxhuma izinkomba kanye nokulungiswa kwesakhiwo sangempela.
Amagama anjengokuthi “kuyamukeleka” noma “akunasici” adinga umongo. Izindinganiso zokushisela ngokuvamile zihlukanisa ukungapheleli ngohlobo nezinga lekhwalithi, kuyilapho ukufaneleka kwesevisi ehlosiwe kuhlala kuyisinqumo sobunjiniyela. Abathengi kufanele bagweme ukuguqula ileveli yekhwalithi ejwayelekile ibe isiqinisekiso somklamo wendawo yonke. Inkontileka noma umdwebo kufanele uchaze isisekelo esisebenzayo sokwamukela ingxenye.
Uma umphakeli elungisa indawo yokushisela, iketango lobufakazi kufanele libonise okutholwe ekuqaleni, isimo esigunyaziwe, indlela yokulungisa lapho kudingeka khona, indawo elungisiwe, ukuhlolwa kwangemva kokulungiswa, umphumela, nokuvalwa. Umbiko wokugcina ohlanzekile ongenawo umlando wokulungisa ungase uvimbele umthengi ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ukungahambisani nakho kulawulwa.
Okwamaphrojekthi ngaphakathi kwe ukuphakamisa nokuphatha uhla lwengxenye yesakhiwo, i-logic efanayo yokulandeleka kufanele isuke ekuhlonzeni into elawulwayo ngephakheji yokugcina yokukhishwa. Ukujula okuqondile kwerekhodi kungahluka, kodwa iketango ngokwalo kufanele lihlale linjalo.
Idinga imiphumela yobukhulu kuhlaka lwesithenjwa somhlangano
Ukwesekwa okuphansi kwe-tower crane kuwukuxhumanisa, ngakho ubudlelwano besici ngokuvamile bubaluleke kakhulu kunobukhulu obubodwa. I-bore ingase ihlangabezane nemfuneko yobubanzi bayo kuyilapho i-eksisi yayo ihlobene ngokungalungile nobuso obukhuphukayo. Izixhumanisi zezimbobo ezimbalwa zingase zibonakale zamukelekile lapho zikalwa kusukela onqenqemeni lwesitolo olulula kodwa zehluleke njengephethini lapho ingxenye isungulwa kuma-datum womdwebo.
Ngakho-ke uhlelo lobukhulu kufanele lukhiqize kabusha uhlelo lwedatha okuvunyelwene ngalo. Okwe-a tower crane low support weldment, umthengi kufanele akhombe izixhumanisi ezichazwe ngomdwebo ezilawula ukuhlangana futhi abuze ukuthi umphakeli uzoyithola kanjani, ayiqondise, futhi ayibambe iqhaza ukuze ihlolwe. Izici eziqondile kanye nokubekezelelana kufanele kuvele kumdwebo olawulwayo; akufanele ziqanjwe ngencazelo ejwayelekile yomkhiqizo.
Umbiko wobukhulu uwusizo kakhulu uma ubonisa amanani angempela alinganisiwe kunesimo sokudlula/sokwehluleka kuphela. Kufanele ihlonze isici, imfuneko encane nokubekezelela, umphumela wangempela, i-datum noma ukusetha, ithuluzi noma indlela yokulinganisa, idethi, umhloli, neyunithi noma indawo. Kujiyomethri eyinkimbinkimbi, umdwebo wokuhlola olebulwe ngokucacile noma umdwebo oyibhaloni usiza umthengi ukuthi afanise imigqa yombiko nezimfuneko zomdwebo.
| Iqembu lobufakazi | Isheke lomthengi elincane | Igebe elivamile |
| Ukulawula umdwebo | Ingxenye, ukubuyekezwa, inani, ukuchezuka, kanye nobubanzi bokuhlola kufana nokuhlelwa. | Umbiko usebenzisa isibuyekezo esidala noma isifanekiso esingalebulanga. |
| Okubalulekile | Amarekhodi adingekayo axhumanisa into yomthombo nengxenye eqediwe noma inkatho. | Isitifiketi sikhona, kodwa ubuwena balahleka ngemva kokusikwa. |
| I-Welding kanye ne-NDT | Izindawo, izindlela, ububanzi, imibandela, imiphumela, nokulungiswa kuyalandeleka. | Isitifiketi esijwayelekile asiwakhombi amashisela ahloliwe. |
| Ubukhulu | Imiphumela yangempela ibikwa kusukela kuhlaka lwedatha okuvunyelwene ngayo. | Kuboniswa “PASS” kuphela, ngaphandle kokusetha noma inani elilinganiselwe. |
| Imishini yokulinganisa | Ukuhlonza izinsimbi kanye nokulinganisa noma isimo sokuqinisekisa kuyatholakala. | Izinto zokusebenza zifakwe kuhlu kuphela njenge-“CMM” noma “igeji.” |
| Ukukhulula nokupakisha | Izinkinga ezivuliwe zivaliwe, izindawo ezivikelekile ziyahlolwa, futhi okufanayo kobunikazi bokuthunyelwa. | Ukugunyazwa kwekhwalithi kuhlukile kuyunithi egcwele ekhishwayo. |
Hlola indlela yokulinganisa, hhayi nje igama lensimbi
Amandla wensimbi kufanele alingane nesici, ukubekezelela, isikali, nendawo. Umshini wokulinganisa odidiyelwe, ingalo ephathwayo, i-laser tracker, i-bore gauge, igeji yobude, noma into yangokwezifiso ingafaneleka ngakunye phakathi nokusetshenziswa kwayo okuhlosiwe. Ibhrendi noma ubuchwepheshe bubodwa abenzi umphumela uvumeleke.
Esicini ngasinye esibalulekile, umthengi kufanele aqonde ukuthi ingxenye isekelwa kanjani, ukuthi ama-datum asungulwa kanjani, mangaki amaphuzu noma izigaba ezilinganiswayo lapho kufanele khona, nokuthi izinga lokushisa, ukudlidliza, isimo esingaphezulu, noma ukufinyelela kungathinta umphumela. Impahla yokulinganisa kufanele ikhonjwe, futhi ukulinganisa kwayo noma isimo sokuqinisekiswa kufanele kuhlangabezane nohlelo lwekhwalithi okuvunyelwene ngalo.
Isimo sokugoqa sibalulekile. I-weldment eguquguqukayo ingabonakala yamukelekile ngenkathi iphoqelelwe ngokumelene nomdlalo futhi inyakaze ngemva kokukhululwa. Lapho lobu bungozi buhambisana khona, uhlelo lokuhlola lungase ludinge amasheke ngaphambi nangemuva kokuqaqa. Indlela edingekayo kufanele kuvunyelwane ngayo kusukela ekudwebeni nasekuhlanganiseni umsebenzi kunokuba ibekwe njengomthetho wendawo yonke.
Sebenzisa ubufakazi be-athikili yokuqala ukuze uvumele umzila wokukhiqiza
Ukuhlolwa kwesihloko sokuqala kufanele kwenziwe okungaphezu kokufakazela ukuthi ingxenye eyodwa ingenziwa. Kufanele iqinisekise isakhiwo serekhodi esizosekela ama-oda aphindaphindiwe. Abathengi bangasebenzisa i-athikili yokuqala ukuze baqinisekise ibhaluni yokudweba, ukusethwa kwedatha, indlela yokuhlola, ukubika kwenani langempela, ukulandeleka kwe-weld kanye ne-NDT, ukuphatha ukuchezuka, kanye nefomethi yephakheji yokugcina yokukhishwa.
Uma selugunyaziwe, uhlelo lokuhlola kufanele luchaze ukuthi yini ehlolwayo kuzo zonke izingxenye, yini engase ithathwe ngenkatho, yini edinga indawo yokubambela, nokuthi yini ebangela ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe. Lezi zinqumo zincike emdwebeni, ekucacisweni okusebenzayo, ukukhula komkhiqizo, ukuzinza kwenqubo, kanye nengozi yomthengi. Akufanele esikhundleni sazo kufakwe isitatimende esingenasizathu sokuthi zonke izici zithola izinga elifanayo lokuhlola.
Kumaqoqo aphindayo, qhathanisa amarekhodi amanje nesisekelo esigunyaziwe se-athikili yokuqala. Izinguquko emthonjeni wezinto ezibonakalayo, inqubo yokushisela, indawo, umzila womshini, indlela yokulinganisa, noma usonkontileka omncane angase adinge ukubuyekezwa lapho inkontileka noma uhlelo lwekhwalithi luzithatha njengezinguquko ezilawulwayo.
Chaza iphakheji yokukhishwa kokuthunyelwa ku-RFQ
Isikhathi esicacile sokuvumelana nobufakazi singaphambi kwentengo nokukhiqiza. I-RFQ yomthengi kufanele isho umdwebo wamanje nezibuyekezo zokucaciswa, iyunithi noma ukulandeleka kwenkatho, izitifiketi ezidingekayo, amadokhumenti e-weld, indlela ye-NDT kanye nezinga lapho kufanele khona, ifomethi yombiko wobukhulu, izidingo zenani langempela, ulwazi lwemishini yokulinganisa, okulindelwe kwesihloko sokuqala, amaphuzu okubambile, inqubo yokuchezuka, amasheke okuvikela phezulu, ukuhlonza ukupakisha, nezidingo zemibhalo.
Cela umphakeli ukuthi abuyisele uhlelo lokuhlola nokuhlola noma i-matrix yobufakazi ebonisa ukuthi iyiphi irekhodi evala imfuneko ngayinye. Lokhu kwenza amakhotheshini aqhathaniseke kakhulu ngoba abahlinzeki babiza inani elifanayo lokuhlola. Iphinde idalule ukuqagela kusenesikhathi—isibonelo, ukuthi i-NDT ifakiwe yini, noma ngabe kudingeka isilinganiso esiphathekayo, noma ukuthi umthengi ulindele umbiko ophelele we-athikili yokuqala.
Abathengi bangathumela imidwebo nezidingo zemibhalo ngama-WLD's uphenyo lwephrojekthi yokusekela i-tower crane. Bandakanya ingxenye nesibuyekezo somdwebo, inani le-oda, uhlelo lokuhlola oludingekayo, imibandela yokwamukela esebenzayo, izinga lokulandeleka, ifomethi yombiko, amaphuzu okubamba, kanye nemibhalo eceliwe yokukhishwa kokuthunyelwa. Umphakeli angabese ebuyekeza umngcele wobufakazi eduze kokwenziwa kanye nomshini ngaphambi kokuqinisekisa ikhotheshini.
Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa
Ingabe umbiko wobukhulu omakwe ngokuthi “PASS” wanele?
Hhayi kuwo wonke amaphrojekthi. Ngokusebenzelana okubalulekile komhlangano, abathengi kufanele bacele inani langempela, imfuneko encane kanye nokubekezelelana, ubunikazi besici, ukusethwa kwedatha, indlela yokulinganisa, nokuhlonza okokusebenza. Ukudlula/ukufeyila kukodwa kungafihla ukuthi umphumela usondele kangakanani emkhawulweni nokuthi ifremu yereferensi yomdwebo yenziwe kabusha ngendlela efanele yini.
Ingabe ukuhlolwa kwe-weld ebonakalayo kuthatha indawo yokuhlola okungonakali?
Cha. Ukuhlola okubonakalayo nezinye izindlela ze-NDT zibhekana nezimo ezihlukahlukene ezitholakalayo. Izindlela ezidingekayo nezinga kufanele zilandele umdwebo, inkontileka, ukucaciswa okusebenzayo, impahla, idizayini ehlanganyelwe, kanye nezidingo zesevisi. Ukuhlola okubonakalayo akufanele kwethulwe njengobufakazi besimo se-weld yangaphakathi.
Ingabe yonke i-tower crane ephansi yokusekelwa kufanele ithole ukuhlolwa okufanayo?
Akunjalo. Uhlelo lungahlanganisa amasheke e-athikili yokuqala, iyunithi ngayinye, kanye namasheke asuselwa kunkatho ngokuya ngezidingo ezilawulwayo nobungozi bokukhiqiza. Izici ezibalulekile, izivivinyo ezigunyazwe ngokomthetho noma ngokwenkontileka, kanye namaphuzu okubamba umthengi asadinga ukufakwa okucacisiwe. Isampula kufanele kuvunyelwane ngayo, ibhalwe phansi, futhi ixhunywe kunkatho echaziwe.
Yibuphi ubufakazi obudingekayo ngemva kokulungiswa kwe-weld?
Iphakheji kufanele ihlonze okutholwe ekuqaleni, indawo, isimo esigunyaziwe, isenzo sokulungisa noma inqubo lapho kudingeka khona, abasebenzi abanomthwalo wemfanelo, ukuhlolwa kwangemva kokulungisa, umphumela, nokuvalwa. Ingxenye elungisiwe noma inkatho kufanele ihlale ilandeleka kulawo marekhodi ngokukhululwa kokugcina.
